{"id":6494,"date":"2024-01-12T15:41:38","date_gmt":"2024-01-12T12:41:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.assawtalakhar.com\/?p=6494"},"modified":"2024-01-12T15:41:38","modified_gmt":"2024-01-12T12:41:38","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%88%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.assawtalakhar.com\/?p=6494","title":{"rendered":"*\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0644\u064a \/"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646\u064b \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635. 12<\/strong><\/p>\n

Note<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

* <\/em><\/strong>Nationalism,Islam and Democray in Turkey\/UMUT Ozkirimi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

In:Observatoire de la Turquie<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>[1] Ali \u00c7arko\u011flu, \u201cTurkey\u2019s November 2002 Elections: A New Beginning?\u201d, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 4, December 2002.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>[2] Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, \u201cThe Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism\u201d, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2002.<\/em><\/p>\n

[3] Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2021, available at https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-<\/em>world\/2021\/democracy-under-siege\/countries-and-regions<\/p>\n

[4] Ibid<\/em><\/p>\n

[5] Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship:<\/em> A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.<\/p>\n

[6] Umut \u00d6zk\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 and Spyros A. Sofos, Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.<\/p>\n

[7] Adam Przeworski defines tutelary democracy as \u201ca regime which has competitive, formally democratic institutions, but in which the power apparatus, typically reduced by this time to the armed forces, retains the capacity to intervene to correct undesirable states of affairs.\u201d See for example Adam Przeworski, \u201cDemocracy as a Contingent Outcome<\/em> of Conflicts\u201d, in Jon Elster and Run Slagstad (eds.), Constitutionalism and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.<\/em><\/p>\n

[8] The Turkish political system has been variously called \u201ccompetitive authoritarianism\u201d, \u201cmajoritarian authoritarianism\u201d, \u201celectoral authoritarianism\u201d. Here, I prefer to use the much broader term \u201cmanaged democracy\u201d \u2013 \u201cthe smiley face of inverted totalitarianism\u201d \u2013 which Wolin defines as \u201ca political form in which governments are legitimated by elections that they have learned to control\u201d as it encompasses both Western and non-Western regimes, hence it is more comprehensive and less Eurocentric. Sheldon Wolin, Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.<\/em><\/p>\n

[9] Jenny White, \u201cSpindle Autocracy in the New Turkey\u201d, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, Fall\/Winter 2017.<\/em><\/p>\n

[10] For a detailed discussion of the Kurdish question which forms a backdrop to Turkey\u2019s recent interventionism, see Umut \u00d6zk\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131, \u201cMulticulturalism, Recognition and the \u2018Kurdish Question\u2019 in Turkey: The Outline of a Normative Framework\u201d, Democratization, Vol. 21, No. 6, 2014 and Umut \u00d6zk\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131, \u201cVigilance and Apprehension: Multiculturalism, Democracy and the \u2018Kurdish Question\u2019 in Turkey\u201d, Middle East Critique, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2013.<\/em><\/p>\n

[11] Jenny White, Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks (updated edition), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.<\/em><\/p>\n

[12] Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works? The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2012.<\/em><\/p>\n

[13] See also Emre Caliskan and Simon A. Waldman, The New Turkey and its Discontents, London: Hurst and Co., 2016.<\/em><\/p>\n

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