{"id":6251,"date":"2023-05-09T22:31:30","date_gmt":"2023-05-09T19:31:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.assawtalakhar.com\/?p=6251"},"modified":"2023-05-09T22:32:53","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T19:32:53","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b0%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.assawtalakhar.com\/?p=6251","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

L\u2019origine m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la d\u00e9sunion europ\u00e9enne<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: <\/strong>The Unz Review<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0631 <\/strong>La Cause du Peuple<\/strong><\/p>\n

Laurent Guyenot<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u060c\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0 “\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a ) \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u060c\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0627 \u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629” \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0643 (1) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 . \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u00a0\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644. <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. “\u0641\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627)… \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u0622\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648” (2).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627\u00a0 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631.” \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629.” \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 (3). <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u060c\u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a” \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a “\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a” – \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a”.<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u00a0 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 : “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a”(4 ).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0640<\/strong> “<\/strong>\u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 “\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0626 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u060c \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627). \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u061b \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u060c “\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629”. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 “\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u00a0 \u0622 \u062e\u0631.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0631\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u061f \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u061f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0633\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a <\/strong>\u0645\u0646\u0639 <\/strong>\u0623<\/strong>\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 <\/strong>\u0642\u0644\u0629 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 – \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0634\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0646<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>Hohenstaufen<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u00a0\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627<\/strong> \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u060c<\/strong> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u064a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 “<\/strong>De Monarchi<\/strong>a<\/strong>” <\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629(\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1310):<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>“<\/strong>\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> “(8)<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0634\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u00a0\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0634\u064a<\/strong> \u064a<\/strong>\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f”<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u00a0 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0645\u00a0 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645\u00a0 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.) \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0647. \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/strong>.<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629.<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649: “\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643” – \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 – \u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0635 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629” \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 “\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645” \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u00a0\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0628”\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u060c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a 1073.\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n

“<\/strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627” \u0623\u0648 “\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627” \u0623\u0648 “\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627<\/strong>“<\/strong>(Dictatus pap\u00e6<\/strong>) 27\u00a0 \u00a0\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c <\/strong><\/p>\n

-\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n

-\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

-\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u0638\u0644<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u00a0\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u060c \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0648\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646: “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627”. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1198 \u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647:” \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a “(\u0625\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0627 <\/strong>0<\/strong>1: 1)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645…<\/strong> )<\/strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0645\u060c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0636\u060c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0649\u0621 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0648\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0648\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0647… \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.”( 10)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u00a0 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a 1303 \u00a0\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629<\/strong>: <\/strong>\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a). \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 (“\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u00a0\u0641\u064a 1520).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u00a0 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0637\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644”\u061f <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 <\/strong>\u0627<\/strong>\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. <\/strong>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a: \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u061f \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628: “\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 … \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a “\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a ” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631.(11)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1337-1453) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1494-1559) \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 (1618-1648)\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 [\u0622\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a] \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627”. (12)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646: “\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0637\u0631\u0646\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u060c\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “<\/strong>L\u2019Esprit des Lois<\/strong>“\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 “\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (1648) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627: \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0627\u00a0 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 .. \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u00a0\u0622\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u062a \u00a0\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637: \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a) \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646. (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643. \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u060c “\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627” 15.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Hillaire Belloc, \u00ab L\u2019Europe et la Foi \u00bb, 1920.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  2. Joseph Reese Strayer, \u00ab\u00a0Sur les origines m\u00e9di\u00e9vales de l\u2019\u00c9tat moderne\u00a0\u00bb, Princeton UP, 1973, p. 11.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. Ernst Nolte, \u00ab\u00a0Der Europ\u00e4ische B\u00fcrgerkrieg 1917-1945. Nationalismus und Bolschewismus, Herbig\u00a0\u00bb, 2000. <\/strong>Le titre se traduit par \u00ab la guerre civile europ\u00e9enne \u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  4. Ernest Renan, \u00ab\u00a0Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019une nation ?\u00a0\u00bb 1882.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  5. Caspar Hirschi, \u00ab\u00a0Les origines du nationalisme : une histoire alternative de la Rome antique \u00e0 l\u2019Allemagne moderne\u00a0\u00bb, Cambridge UP, 2012, p. 14.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  6. Idem, p. 2.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  7. Ernst Kantorowicz, \u00ab\u00a0Frederick the Second (1194-1250)\u00a0\u00bb, (1931) \u00c9dition Frederick Ungar, 1957 (sur archive.org), p. 385.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  8. \u00ab\u00a0De Monarchia de Dante Alighieri\u00a0\u00bb, trad. Aurelia Henry, Boston, 1904, Livre I, chapitre VIII, pp. 26-27, sur\u00a0<\/strong>libertyfund.org\/files\/2196\/Dante_1477.pdf<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  9. Malcolm Barber, \u00ab\u00a0Les Deux Cit\u00e9s : l\u2019Europe m\u00e9di\u00e9vale 1050-1320\u00a0\u00bb, Routledge, 1992, p. 106.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  10. TF \u00ab\u00a0Tout, L\u2019Empire et la papaut\u00e9 (918-1273)\u00a0\u00bb, quatri\u00e8me \u00e9dition, Rivingtons, Londres, 1903, p. 325.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  11. \u00ab\u00a0Tout, L\u2019Empire et la Papaut\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, op. cit., p. 6 et 2.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  12. Cit\u00e9 in Arnaud Blin, 1648, \u00ab\u00a0La Paix de Westphalie, ou la naissance de l\u2019Europe politique moderne\u00a0\u00bb, \u00c9ditions Complexe, 2006, pp. 70-71.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  13. Blin, 1648, \u00ab\u00a0La Paix de Westphalie\u00a0\u00bb, op. cit., p. 5-6.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  14. Montesquieu, \u00ab\u00a0Esprit des Lois\u00a0\u00bb, Livre XIII, chap. xvii, cit\u00e9 dans Bertrand de Jouvenel, \u00ab\u00a0On Power : Its Nature and the History of Its Growth\u00a0\u00bb, Beacon Press, 1962, p. 383, sur\u00a0<\/strong>us.archive.org\/34\/items\/onpoweritsnature00injouv.pdf<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n
  15. Jacques Van Wijendaele, \u00ab\u00a0Propagande et pol\u00e9mique au Moyen \u00c2ge : La <\/strong>Querelle des <\/strong>Investitures (1073-1122)\u00a0\u00bb, Br\u00e9al, 2008, p. 111.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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